The Court considers that the difficulty in determining the substance of the applicants' allegations of ill-treatment stems from the authorities' failure to investigate their complaints effectively (see, in particular, Popa v. Moldova, no. 29772/05, §§ 39 and 45, 21 September 2010; Grimailovs v. Latvia, no. 6087/03, §§ 109 and 119, 25 June 2013; and Barysheva v. Ukraine, no. 9505/12, § 55, 14 March 2017).

(i) First medical examinations conducted two days after the applicant's release; no conclusive evidence indicating that injuries were sustained under police control (for relevant examples, see Kulyk v. Ukraine, no. 30760/06, §§ 82-83, 23 June 2016, and Barysheva v. Ukraine, no. 9505/12, §§ 55-56, 14 March 2017).

The Court, which is master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of a case (see, among other authorities, Barysheva v. Ukraine, no. 9505/12, § 45, 14 March 2017), finds that these complaints fall to be examined under Article 3 of the Convention.