Rechtsprechung
| EGMR, 05.11.2020 - 73087/17 |
Volltextveröffentlichung
- Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte
BALASKAS v. GREECE
Violation of Article 10 - Freedom of expression-general;Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage - award (Article 41 - Non-pecuniary damage;Pecuniary damage;Just satisfaction) (englisch)
Sonstiges
- Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (Verfahrensmitteilung)
BALASKAS v. GREECE
Wird zitiert von ... (17) Zitiert selbst (40)
- EGMR, 06.12.2007 - 19331/05
KATRAMI c. GRECE
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Lastly, the nature and severity of the penalty imposed are factors to be taken into account when assessing the proportionality of the interference (see Katrami v. Greece, no. 19331/05, § 38, 6 December 2007; Mika, cited above, § 32; and Athanasios Makris, cited above, § 38).In this connection, the Court notes that it has already found a violation of Article 10 of the Convention in a number of cases against Greece owing to the domestic courts' failure to apply standards in conformity with the standards of its case-law concerning freedom of expression when weighed up against one's protection of his or her reputation (see, among other authorities, Katrami v. Greece, no. 19331/05, § 42, 6 December 2007; Vasilakis v. Greece, no. 25145/05, § 56, 17 January 2008; I Avgi Publishing and Press Agency S.A. and Karis, cited above, § 35; Kydonis v. Greece, no. 24444/07, § 38, 2 April 2009; Alfantakis v. Greece, no. 49330/07, § 34, 11 February 2010; Mika, cited above, § 41; Koutsoliontos and Pantazis, cited above, § 48; Kapsis and Danikas, cited above, § 42; Athanasios Makris, cited above § 39; and Paraskevopoulos, cited above, § 44).
- EGMR, 21.01.1999 - 29183/95
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It is not necessary for the Convention right to be explicitly raised in domestic proceedings provided that the complaint is raised "at least in substance" (see Fressoz and Roire v. France [GC], no. 29183/95, § 39, ECHR 1999-I, and Azinas v. Cyprus [GC], no. 56679/00, § 38, ECHR 2004-III).In this connection, it reiterates that Article 10 protects journalists' right to divulge information on issues of general interest provided that they are acting in good faith and on an accurate factual basis and provide "reliable and precise" information in accordance with the ethics of journalism (see Fressoz and Roire v. France [GC], no. 29183/95, § 54, ECHR 1999-I).
- EGMR, 20.05.1999 - 21980/93
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Although it must not overstep certain bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others, as well as the need to prevent the disclosure of information received in confidence, its duty is nevertheless to impart - in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities - information and ideas on all matters of public interest (see De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium, 24 February 1997, § 37, Reports 1997-I; Bladet Tromsø and Stensaas v. Norway [GC], no. 21980/93, § 62, ECHR 1999-III; Thoma, cited above, §§ 43-45; and Tourancheau and July v. France, no. 53886/00, § 5, 24 November 2005).
- EGMR, 22.10.2007 - 21279/02
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21279/02 and 36448/02, § 46, ECHR 2007-IV; Axel Springer AG, cited above, § 90; and Morice v. France [GC], no. 29369/10, § 125, ECHR 2015). - EGMR, 17.12.2004 - 33348/96
CUMPANA AND MAZARE v. ROMANIA
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The Court has emphasised on many occasions that the imposition of a prison sentence in defamation cases will be compatible with freedom of expression as guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention only in exceptional circumstances, notably where other fundamental rights have been seriously impaired, as, for example, in the case of hate speech or incitement to violence (see Cumpănă and Mazăre v. Romania [GC], no. 33348/96, § 115, ECHR 2004-XI, and Paraskevopoulos, cited above, § 42). - EGMR, 21.03.2002 - 31611/96
NIKULA c. FINLANDE
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The Court has also in several cases observed that civil servants must enjoy public confidence in conditions free of undue perturbation if they are to be successful in performing their tasks and it may therefore prove necessary to protect them from offensive and abusive verbal attacks when on duty (see, in particular Janowski v. Poland [GC], no. 25716/94, § 33, ECHR 1999-I; Nikula v. Finland, no. 31611/96, § 48, ECHR 2002-II and Busuioc v. Moldova, no. 61513/00, § 64, 21 December 2004). - EGMR, 08.07.1999 - 26682/95
SÜREK c. TURQUIE (N° 1)
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The Court reiterates that there is little scope under Article 10 § 2 of the Convention for restrictions on freedom of expression in two fields, namely political speech and matters of public interest (see Sürek v. Turkey (no. 1) [GC], no. 26682/95, § 61, ECHR 1999-IV; Lindon, Otchakovsky-Laurens and July v. France [GC], nos. - EGMR, 21.01.1999 - 25716/94
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The Court has also in several cases observed that civil servants must enjoy public confidence in conditions free of undue perturbation if they are to be successful in performing their tasks and it may therefore prove necessary to protect them from offensive and abusive verbal attacks when on duty (see, in particular Janowski v. Poland [GC], no. 25716/94, § 33, ECHR 1999-I; Nikula v. Finland, no. 31611/96, § 48, ECHR 2002-II and Busuioc v. Moldova, no. 61513/00, § 64, 21 December 2004). - EGMR, 24.11.2005 - 53886/00
TOURANCHEAU ET JULY c. FRANCE
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Although it must not overstep certain bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others, as well as the need to prevent the disclosure of information received in confidence, its duty is nevertheless to impart - in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities - information and ideas on all matters of public interest (see De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium, 24 February 1997, § 37, Reports 1997-I; Bladet Tromsø and Stensaas v. Norway [GC], no. 21980/93, § 62, ECHR 1999-III; Thoma, cited above, §§ 43-45; and Tourancheau and July v. France, no. 53886/00, § 5, 24 November 2005). - EGMR, 16.04.2009 - 34438/04
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The fairness of the means used to obtain information and reproduce it for the public and the respect shown for the person who is the subject matter of the news report are also essential criteria to be taken into account (see Egeland and Hanseid v. Norway, no. 34438/04, § 61, 16 April 2009). - EGMR, 14.06.2005 - 14991/02
MINELLI c. SUISSE
- EGMR - 28473/12 (anhängig)
KREJZOVÁ v. THE CZECH REPUBLIC
- EGMR, 08.10.2019 - 15449/09
MARGULEV v. RUSSIA
- EGMR, 19.01.2017 - 52137/12
KAPSIS ET DANIKAS c. GRÈCE
- EGMR, 05.12.2017 - 19657/12
FRISK AND JENSEN v. DENMARK
- EGMR, 28.06.2018 - 64184/11
PARASKEVOPOULOS v. GREECE
- EGMR, 18.03.2008 - 15601/02
KULIS v. POLAND
- EGMR, 07.06.2011 - 48135/08
[FRE]
- EGMR, 19.12.2013 - 10347/10
MIKA c. GRÈCE
- EGMR, 17.01.2008 - 25145/05
VASILAKIS c. GRECE
- EGMR, 22.09.2015 - 54608/09
[FRE]
- EGMR, 06.04.2010 - 43349/05
[ENG]
- EGMR, 09.03.2017 - 55135/10
ATHANASIOS MAKRIS c. GRÈCE
- EGMR, 15.12.2009 - 25464/05
[ENG]
- EGMR, 05.06.2008 - 15909/06
I AVGI PUBLISHING AND PRESS AGENCY S.A. AND KARIS c. GRECE
- EGMR, 02.04.2009 - 24444/07
[FRE]
- EGMR, 22.12.2005 - 54968/00
Paturel ./. Frankreich
- EGMR, 06.05.2010 - 17265/05
BRUNET-LECOMTE ET LYON MAG' c. FRANCE
- EGMR, 22.11.2017 - 1799/07
ZIEMBINSKI CONTRE LA POLOGNE (N° 2)
- EGMR, 11.02.2010 - 49330/07
[FRE]
- EGMR, 31.08.2004 - 66298/01
- EGMR, 07.02.2012 - 40660/08
Caroline von Hannover kann keine Untersagung von Bildveröffentlichungen über sie …
- EGMR, 07.12.1976 - 5493/72
- EGMR, 09.04.2009 - 28070/06
- EGMR, 18.09.2015 - 42219/07
GHERGHINA c. ROUMANIE
- EGMR, 13.11.2019 - 39401/04
MGN LIMITED AGAINST THE UNITED KINGDOM
- EGMR, 03.12.2013 - 64520/10
UNGVARY AND IRODALOM KFT. v. HUNGARY
- EGMR, 07.06.2016 - 17676/09
CICAD c. SUISSE
- EGMR, 27.07.2004 - 59330/00
- EGMR, 15.03.2018 - 51000/11
RADOBULJAC CONTRE LA CROATIE
- BGH, 28.04.2026 - VI ZR 113/25
TAZ gegen Querdenker: Versehentliche Meinungsäußerungen sind anders zu behandeln …
Rn. 17 (2) Nach diesen Grundsätzen ist die angegriffene Äußerung, der Kläger sei ein "Rechtsextremer", als Werturteil bzw. Meinungsäußerung einzustufen, nämlich als Meinung, der Kläger habe eine Gesinnung, die Rechtsextremen zugeschrieben werde (…vgl. zur Einordnung der Bezeichnung "Nazi" bzw. "Neo-Nazi" als Werturteil: BVerfG, NJW 1992, 2013, juris Rn. 32;… EGMR, AfP 2025, 510 Rn. 41; Urteil vom 5. November 2020 - 73087/17, BeckRS 2020, 29311 Rn. 55).Im öffentlichen Meinungskampf darf von der Meinungsfreiheit bei öffentlich zur Diskussion gestellten, gesellschaftliches Interesse erregenden Beiträgen - freilich in Grenzen, die gerade das allgemeine Persönlichkeitsrecht zieht - selbst mit scharfen und übersteigerten Äußerungen Gebrauch gemacht werden (…BVerfG, AfP 2023, 142 Rn. 33;… NJW 2022, 769 Rn. 18;… NJW 1992, 2013 f., juris Rn. 31; jeweils mwN;… vgl. auch EGMR, AfP 2025, 510 Rn. 44; Urteil vom 5. November 2020 - 73087/17, BeckRS 2020, 29311 Rn. 42).
Innerhalb der Abwägung macht es daher einen Unterschied, ob es sich bei der Einschätzung von Beweggründen, Absichten oder Standpunkten eines anderen um eine auf Tatsachen fußende Schlussfolgerung handelt oder um eine willkürlich aus der Luft gegriffene Wertung (…Senatsurteil aaO;… BVerfG aaO mwN;… vgl. zum Erfordernis einer ausreichenden Tatsachengrundlage für die Bezeichnung eines anderen als "Nazi" bzw. "Neo-Nazi" auch EGMR, AfP 2025, 510 Rn. 42; Urteil vom 5. November 2020 - 73087/17, BeckRS 2020, 29311 Rn. 55).
- OLG Dresden, 02.06.2026 - 4 U 1532/25
Unterlassungsklage - Wer eine Deutschlandflagge hisst, muss sich kritisieren …
Innerhalb der Abwägung ist vielmehr lediglich darauf abzustellen, ob es sich bei der Einschätzung von Beweggründen, Absichten oder Standpunkten eines anderen um eine auf Tatsachen fußende Schlussfolgerung handelt oder um eine willkürlich aus der Luft gegriffene Wertung (BGH…, Urteil vom 28. April 2026 - VI ZR 113/25 -, Rn. 22, juris;… vgl. zum Erfordernis einer ausreichenden Tatsachengrundlage für die Bezeichnung eines anderen als "Nazi" bzw. "Neo-Nazi" auch EGMR, AfP 2025, 510 Rn. 42; Urteil vom 5. November 2020 - 73087/17, BeckRS 2020, 29311 Rn. 55).Im öffentlichen Meinungskampf darf von der Meinungsfreiheit bei öffentlich zur Diskussion gestellten, gesellschaftliches Interesse erregenden Beiträgen - freilich in Grenzen, die gerade das allgemeine Persönlichkeitsrecht zieht - selbst mit scharfen und übersteigerten Äußerungen Gebrauch gemacht werden (…BVerfG, AfP 2023, 142 Rn. 33;… NJW 2022, 769 Rn. 18;… NJW 1992, 2013 f., juris Rn. 31; jeweils mwN;… vgl. auch EGMR, AfP 2025, 510 Rn. 44; Urteil vom 5. November 2020 - 73087/17, BeckRS 2020, 29311 Rn. 42).
- EGMR, 12.09.2023 - 84048/17
EIGIRDAS v. LITHUANIA and 1 other application
Rn. 78 The Court refers to the general principles set out in its case-law for assessing the necessity of an interference with freedom of expression (see Morice v. France [GC], no. 29369/10, §§ 124-27, ECHR 2015; Baka v. Hungary [GC], no. 20261/12, §§ 158-61, 23 June 2016; and Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, §§ 37-39, 5 November 2020, with further references).
- EGMR, 15.11.2022 - 24919/20
MARCINKEVICIUS v. LITHUANIA
It notes, in particular, that the Vilnius District Court held that any publication or statement had to be assessed in its entirety and that such assessment could not be limited to separate phrases or parts of the publication (see paragraph 21 above) - an approach which is in line with the Court's case-law (see Standard Verlags GmbH v. Austria, no. 13071/03, §§ 53-55, 2 November 2006; Morice, cited above, § 156; Egill Einarsson v. Iceland, no. 24703/15, § 49, 7 November 2017; and Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, § 58, 5 November 2020). - EGMR, 07.07.2026 - 5257/22
KUNSTELJ v. SLOVENIA
Where it examines an application lodged under Article 10, the Court will also examine (f) the way in which the information was obtained and its veracity and (g) the severity of the penalty imposed (see, for example, Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, §§ 37 and 38, 5 November 2020, and the cases cited therein). - EGMR, 18.10.2022 - 22953/16
STANCU AND OTHERS v. ROMANIA
The Government's arguments should therefore be examined in relation to the restrictions on freedom of expression provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 10. It must therefore be determined whether the interference was "prescribed by law", pursued one or more of the legitimate aims set out in paragraph 2 and was "necessary in a democratic society" to achieve them (see, for example, Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, § 33, 5 November 2020). - EGMR, 07.09.2023 - 77940/17
INDEX.HU ZRT v. HUNGARY
Rn. 31 The Court reiterates that in proceedings such as those in the present case the domestic courts are to consider whether the context of the case, the public interest or the intention of the author of the impugned article justified the possible use of a dose of provocation or exaggeration (see Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, § 58, 5 November 2020). - EGMR, 21.10.2025 - 16756/24
MORTENSEN v. DENMARK
Where it examines an application lodged under Article 10, the Court will also examine (f) the way in which the information was obtained and its veracity and (g) the severity of the penalty imposed (see, for example, Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, §§ 37 and 38, 5 November 2020, and the cases cited therein). - EGMR, 30.05.2023 - 60183/17
PRICOPE v. ROMANIA
The Court refers to the general principles set out in its case-law for assessing the necessity of an interference with freedom of expression (see Morice v. France [GC], no. 29369/10, §§ 124-27, ECHR 2015; Baka v. Hungary [GC], no. 20261/12, §§ 158-61, 23 June 2016; and Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, §§ 37-39, 5 November 2020, with further references). - EGMR, 05.07.2022 - 42315/15
DROUSIOTIS v. CYPRUS
When called upon to examine the necessity of an interference in a democratic society in the interests of the "protection of the reputation or rights of others", the Court may be required to ascertain whether the domestic authorities struck a fair balance when protecting two values guaranteed by the Convention which may come into conflict with each other in certain cases, namely, on the one hand, freedom of expression protected by Article 10 and, on the other, the right to respect for private life enshrined in Article 8 (see Balaskas v. Greece, no. 73087/17, § 37, 5 November 2020 ). - EGMR, 21.12.2021 - 66299/10
BANASZCZYK c. POLOGNE
- EGMR, 02.02.2023 - 34717/10
ALIBEYLI v. AZERBAIJAN and 1 other application
- EGMR, 21.05.2026 - 35813/20
- EGMR, 03.07.2025 - 49917/22
ARVANITIS AND PHILELEFTHEROS PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED v. CYPRUS
- EGMR, 08.10.2024 - 8789/17
STOICA c. ROUMANIE
- EGMR, 22.09.2022 - 21793/14
KITSOS v. GREECE
- EGMR, 01.03.2022 - 68373/14
RUSU v. ROMANIA
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